# Appendix

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(2) Anna Rzhevkinam. “Digital advertisers waste more than US$134.3M in Q1 (report)” In: Content Grip (April 2022) Url: <https://www.contentgrip.com/digital-advertisers-waste/>

(3) Harry Kabadaian. “How Bots Steal Your Online Advertising Budget “ In: Entrepreneur (July 2013). Url: <https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/313943>

(4) Brian Quamby. “Raoul Paul says ’reasonable chance’ crypto crypto market cap could 100x by 2030” In CoinTelegraph. (Jan 2022). Url: <https://cointelegraph.com/news/raoul-pal-says-reasonable-chance-crypto-market-cap-could-100x-by-2030>

(5) Andrew Michael. “Best Technology Stocks 2022” In Forbes Advisor (June 2022) Url:

<https://www.forbes.com/uk/advisor/investing/best-technology-stocks/>

(6) Jide Sobo. "Digital ad spend set to grow by a third by 2024” ebiquity. (July 2022.). Url: <https://www.ebiquity.com/news-insights/blog/digital-ad-spend-set-to-grow-by-a-third-by-2024/>

(7) Kathleen Boyle. “METAVERSE AND MONEY Decrypting the Future” In Citi GPS: Global Perspectives & Solutions (Mar 2022).

Url: <https://www.citifirst.com.hk/home/upload/citi_research/AZRC7.pdf>

(8) Internet Matters. ”Cyberbullying Facts & Advice” in: Internet Matters (Nov 2021) url:<https://www.internetmatters.org/issues/cyberbullying/>

(9) Soumik Roy. “Facebook: If something is free, ‘you’ are the product” In TechHQ (Apr 2018). Url: [https://techhq.com/2018/04/facebook-if-something-is-free-you-are-the-product/#:\~:text=Latest%3A%20The%20Facebook%20Metaverse%20to,delivered%20people%20to%20an%20advertiser](https://techhq.com/2018/04/facebook-if-something-is-free-you-are-the-product/).

(10) Charles Arthur. “Tech giants may be huge, but nothing matches big data” In The Guardian (Aug 2013) <https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/aug/23/tech-giants-data>

(11) Nina Goetzen. “Facebook could sunset its Audience Network tool for Apple's iOS 14, disproportionately hurting small publishers” In Business Insider (August 2020) url: <https://www.businessinsider.com/facebook-may-sunset-audience-network-tool-ios-14-2020-8?r=US&IR=T>

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(13) S.Dixon. “Global number of fake accounts taken action on by Facebook from 4th quarter 2017 to 1st quarter 2022” In Statista (Jun 2022) url : <https://www.statista.com/statistics/1013474/facebook-fake-account-removal-quarter/>

(14) Anura. “What Is a Bot? How Do Bots Impact Your Digital Ad Campaigns?” In Anura (January 2021) url: <https://www.anura.io/blog/what-is-a-bot-and-how-do-bots-impact-digital-ad-campaigns>

(15) Lee Rainie. “The state of privacy in post-Snowden America”. In: Pew Research Center FactTank (Sept 2016). url:<http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/09/21/the-state-of-privacy-in-america/>

(16) Björn Greif. “WhoTracks.me: Find out who’s spying on you on the web” In Cliqz (November 2017) url:

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(17) Lara O Reilly. “Facebook has pulled a big ad-tech project because there were too many bots and bad-quality ads“ In Yahoo Sport (Mar 2016) url:

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(18) Joanna Ossinger. "Crypto World Hits $3 Trillion Market Cap as Ether, Bitcoin Gain" In Bloomberg (November 2021) url: <https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-11-08/crypto-world-hits-3-trillion-market-cap-as-ether-bitcoin-gain?leadSource=uverify%20wall>

(19) Nicole Perrin. "Google Maintains Wide Lead in Net US Search Ad Revenues" In Insider Intelligence (November 2019) url: <https://www.insiderintelligence.com/content/google-maintains-wide-lead-in-net-us-search-ad-revenues>

(20) Seb Joseph and Ronan Shields. “Google, Meta and Amazon are on track to absorb more than 50% of all ad money in 2022” In Digiday (February 2022) url: <https://digiday.com/marketing/the-rundown-google-meta-and-amazon-are-on-track-to-absorb-more-than-50-of-all-ad-money-in-2022/>

(21) Sarah M. Coyne, Jeffrey L. Hurst, W. Justin Dyer. Quintin Hunt, Emily Schvanaveldt, Sara Brown & Gavin Jones. “Suicide Risk in Emerging Adulthood: Associations with Screen Time over 10 years”. In Springer Link (Feb 2021) url: <https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10964-020-01389-6>

(22) Lauren Strapagiel. “How Much are Brands Really Spending on TikTok Ads?“ In Shopify Blog

(June 2022) url:

[https://www.shopify.co.uk/blog/tiktok-ad-spending#:\~:text=According%20to%20figures%20released%20by,3.5%25%20of%20digital%20ad%20spending](https://www.shopify.co.uk/blog/tiktok-ad-spending)

(23) Lauren Strapagiel. “How Much are Brands Really Spending on TikTok Ads?“ In Shopify Blog

(June 2022) url:

[https://www.shopify.co.uk/blog/tiktok-ad-spending#:\~:text=According%20to%20figures%20released%20by,3.5%25%20of%20digital%20ad%20spending](https://www.shopify.co.uk/blog/tiktok-ad-spending)

(24) Elise Dopson. "How Much Do Facebook Ads Cost in 2022?" In Shopify Blog (Jan 2022) url:

[https://www.shopify.co.uk/blog/facebook-ads-cost#:\~:text=an%20ad%20auction.-,How%20much%20does%20Facebook%20advertising%20cost%3F,as%20cost%20per%201%2C000%20impressions](https://www.shopify.co.uk/blog/facebook-ads-cost)

(25) Artyom Dogtev. “TikTok Ads Cost (2022)” In Business of Apps (June 20022) url: <https://www.businessofapps.com/marketplace/tiktok/research/tiktok-ads-cost/>

(26) S.Dixon. "Number of social media users worldwide from 2018 to 2022, with forecasts from 2023 to 2027" In Statista (Aug 22, 2022) url: <https://www.statista.com/statistics/278414/number-of-worldwide-social-network-users/>

(27) ELVIS PICARDO. "The Prisoner’s Dilemma in Business and the Economy"

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(28) Polygon “Polygon: The Eco-Friendly Blockchain Scaling Ethereum“ In Polygon Blog (April 2021)

url: <https://blog.polygon.technology/polygon-the-eco-friendly-blockchain-scaling-ethereum-bbdd52201ad/>

(29) Polygon “Polygon: The Eco-Friendly Blockchain Scaling Ethereum“ In Polygon Blog (April 2021)

url: <https://blog.polygon.technology/polygon-the-eco-friendly-blockchain-scaling-ethereum-bbdd52201ad/>

(30) Amara Khatri “Polygon Partners With Phone Maker Nothing To Bring Web3 To Mobile”

In Crypto Daily (July 2022) url: <https://cryptodaily.co.uk/2022/07/polygon-partners-with-phone-maker-nothing-to-bring-web3-to-mobile>

(31) CoinNews. ”Polygon to Enable Web3 Functionality in Smartphones With Nothing Collaboration.” (July 2022) In CoinNews url: <https://thecoin.news/articles/polygon-enable-functionality-smartphones-nothing-collaboration-1657151218330>

(32) Navdeep Singh “We're launching NFTs on Facebook! Excited to share what I've been working on with the world” In Twitter (June 2022) url: <https://twitter.com/navdeep_ua/status/1542291276883582979>

(33) Nicholas Pongratz. “Meta Enabling NFT Showcase on Facebook Profiles” (July 2022) In Binance Flash News. url : <https://www.binance.com/en/news/flash/7142532>

(34) Polygon Scan ”Polygon PoS Chain Average Block Time Chart” In Polygon Scan (May 2020) url: <https://polygonscan.com/chart/blocktime>

(35) Urian B. "Polygon Provides Update and Recommendations Regarding PoS | MATIC Gas Fees Remain Low at $0.1-0.5" In Tech Times (January 2022) url: <https://www.techtimes.com/articles/270243/20220107/polygon-provides-update-and-recommendations-regarding-pos-matic-gas-fees-remain-low-at-0-1-0-5.htm>

(36) Igor Bonifaci&#x63;**.** “Google delays phaseout of third-party cookies from Chrome to 2024“ (July 2022) In Engadget url: <https://www.engadget.com/google-delays-phaseout-of-third-party-cookies-from-chrome-192422591.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAGdiKU1umo19BVTVepKmqOqpChKSz_CMl_02yNcFdJSzIOP2aGP5vDQ2R5IIQHWrouQ52Vt1cyyf3cYUN6hGOfAh0JpgYeuqMPgFNFUktwnnMZwByXJKjokSLYXj2r40VmgufSlBNAiDSBp3_oFlW2tDIWyoHZiao9ospZd4Jan3>

(37) Danish Yasin. “StormX: Shop to Earn Crypto Cashback“ In Crypto Potato url (June 2022) : <https://cryptopotato.com/stormx-shop-to-earn-crypto-cashback/>

(38) Yahoo Finance “quote Ethereum USD (ETH-USD)“ In Yahoo Finance (Sept 2022) :

<https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/ETH-USD/history?p=ETH-USD>

(39) Yahoo Finance “quote Polygon USD (MATIC-USD)” In Yahoo Finance (Sept 2022) :

<https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/MATIC-USD/history?p=MATIC-USD>

(40) REYNALDO “JPMorgan, IBM, Microsoft, Amazon are buying Ethereum (ETH)” In Crypto News Flash (May 2020) url:<https://www.crypto-news-flash.com/jpmorgan-ibm-microsoft-amazon-are-buying-ethereum-eth/>

(41) Polygon “Matic Network Staking Update and Becoming a Validator” In Medium (Oct 2019) url: <https://medium.com/the-polygon-blog/matic-network-staking-update-and-becoming-a-validator-d1a06aac258a>

(42) Stacey McLachlan “35 Instagram Stats That Matter to Marketers in 2022” In: Hootsuite Blog (Jan 2022) url: <https://blog.hootsuite.com/instagram-statistics/>

(43) Werner Geyser “How Much Does it Cost to Advertise on Instagram?” In Influencer Marketing Hub

(June 2022) url: <https://influencermarketinghub.com/instagram-ads-cost/>

(44) Jenn Chen “Instagram statistics you need to know for 2022” In Sprout Social (March 2022) url:

<https://sproutsocial.com/insights/instagram-stats/>

(45) S.Dixon “Distribution of Instagram users worldwide as of April 2022, by age group” In Statista (April 2022) url: <https://www.statista.com/statistics/325587/instagram-global-age-group/>

(46) S.Dixon “Number of monthly active Instagram users from January 2013 to December 2021” In Statista (July 2022) url: <https://www.statista.com/statistics/253577/number-of-monthly-active-instagram-users/>

(47) S.Dixon “Leading countries based on Instagram audience size as of January 2022” In

Statista (July 2022) url: <https://www.statista.com/statistics/578364/countries-with-most-instagram-users/>

(48) S.Dixon “Leading mobile apps worldwide in 2021, by downloads” In Statista (July 2022) url:

[https://www.statista.com/statistics/1285960/top-downloaded-mobile-apps-worldwide/#:\~:text=In%202021%2C%20TikTok%20was%20the,downloads%20during%20the%20examined%20year](https://www.statista.com/statistics/1285960/top-downloaded-mobile-apps-worldwide/).

(49) \* SAME AS 48 \*

S.Dixon “Leading mobile apps worldwide in 2021, by downloads” In Statista (July 2022) url:

[https://www.statista.com/statistics/1285960/top-downloaded-mobile-apps-worldwide/#:\~:text=In%202021%2C%20TikTok%20was%20the,downloads%20during%20the%20examined%20year](https://www.statista.com/statistics/1285960/top-downloaded-mobile-apps-worldwide/).

(50) Werner Geyser “TikTok Statistics – 63 TikTok Stats You Need to Know \[2022 Update]” In Influencer Marketing Hub (August 2022) url: <https://influencermarketinghub.com/tiktok-stats/>

(51) Hootsuite “TikTok’s Ad Audience Hits 1.02 billion (And Other Mind-Blowing Stats)” In Hootsuite News (July 2022) url: <https://blog.hootsuite.com/simon-kemp-social-media/>

(52) Mansoor Iqbal “TikTok Revenue and Usage Statistics (2022)” In Business if Apps (August 2022) url: <https://www.businessofapps.com/data/tik-tok-statistics/>

(53) Dean Swanson “Should small businesses consider a presence on TikTok?“ In Post Bulletin (June 2022) url: [https://www.postbulletin.com/business/should-small-businesses-consider-a-presence-on-tiktok#:\~:text=And%20true%20to%20the%20perception,45%2D64%20year%2Dolds](https://www.postbulletin.com/business/should-small-businesses-consider-a-presence-on-tiktok).

(54) Michelle Cyca "23 Important TikTok Stats Marketers Need to Know in 2022" In Hootsuite (March 2022) url: <https://blog.hootsuite.com/tiktok-stats/>

(55) Jack Shepherd "20 Essential TikTok Statistics You Need to Know in 2022" In Social Shepherd (Aug 2022) url: [https://thesocialshepherd.com/blog/tiktok-statistics#:\~:text=In%20the%20U.S.%2C%20those%20ages,29%20are%2022.4%25%20of%20users](https://thesocialshepherd.com/blog/tiktok-statistics).

(56) L.Ceci "Countries with the largest TikTok audience as of April 2022" In Statista (April 2022) url: <https://www.statista.com/statistics/1299807/number-of-monthly-unique-tiktok-users/>

(57) Michelle Cyca “23 Important TikTok Stats Marketers Need to Know in 2022” In Hootsuite (March 2022) url: <https://blog.hootsuite.com/tiktok-stats/>

(58) Jack Shepherd "20 Essential TikTok Statistics You Need to Know in 2022" In Social Shepherd (Aug 2022) url: [https://thesocialshepherd.com/blog/tiktok-statistics#:\~:text=In%20the%20U.S.%2C%20those%20ages,29%20are%2022.4%25%20of%20users](https://thesocialshepherd.com/blog/tiktok-statistics).

(59) Matthew Woodard “TikTok User Statistics: Everything You Need To Know About TikTok Users “ In MatthewWoodward.co.uk (Aug 2022) url:

<https://www.matthewwoodward.co.uk/work/tiktok-user-statistics/>

(60) Michelle Cyca “23 Important TikTok Stats Marketers Need to Know in 2022” In Hootsuite (March 2022) url: <https://blog.hootsuite.com/tiktok-stats/>

(61) Matthew Woodard “TikTok User Statistics: Everything You Need To Know About TikTok Users “ In MatthewWoodward.co.uk (Aug 2022) url:

<https://www.matthewwoodward.co.uk/work/tiktok-user-statistics/>

(62) Mansoor Iqbal “TikTok Revenue and Usage Statistics (2022)” In Business if Apps (August 2022) url: <https://www.businessofapps.com/data/tik-tok-statistics/>

63\) Matthew Woodard “TikTok User Statistics: Everything You Need To Know About TikTok Users “ In MatthewWoodward.co.uk (Aug 2022) url:

<https://www.matthewwoodward.co.uk/work/tiktok-user-statistics/>

64\) Jack Shepherd "21 Essential Snapchat Statistics You Need to Know in 2022" In Social Shepherd (August 2022) url: <https://thesocialshepherd.com/blog/snapchat-statistics>

65\) Adam Connel "25 Latest Snapchat Statistics And Trends For 2022" In bloggingwizard (August 2022)

url: <https://bloggingwizard.com/snapchat-statistics/>

66\) Tres Dean "16 Snapchat Statistics That Matter to Marketers in 2022" In Hootsuite (March 2022) url:

<https://blog.hootsuite.com/snapchat-statistics-for-business/>

67\) Jack Shepherd "21 Essential Snapchat Statistics You Need to Know in 2022" In Social Shepherd (August 2022) url: <https://thesocialshepherd.com/blog/snapchat-statistics>

68\) Jack Shepherd "21 Essential Snapchat Statistics You Need to Know in 2022" In Social Shepherd (August 2022) url: <https://thesocialshepherd.com/blog/snapchat-statistics>

69\) Jack Shepherd "21 Essential Snapchat Statistics You Need to Know in 2022" In Social Shepherd (August 2022) url: <https://thesocialshepherd.com/blog/snapchat-statistics>

70\) Tres Dean "16 Snapchat Statistics That Matter to Marketers in 2022" In Hootsuite (March 2022) url:

<https://blog.hootsuite.com/snapchat-statistics-for-business/>

71\) Jack Shepherd "21 Essential Snapchat Statistics You Need to Know in 2022" In Social Shepherd (August 2022) url: <https://thesocialshepherd.com/blog/snapchat-statistics>

72\) Tres Dean "16 Snapchat Statistics That Matter to Marketers in 2022" In Hootsuite (March 2022) url:

<https://blog.hootsuite.com/snapchat-statistics-for-business/>

73\) Jack Shepherd "21 Essential Snapchat Statistics You Need to Know in 2022" In Social Shepherd (August 2022) url: <https://thesocialshepherd.com/blog/snapchat-statistics>

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